Multiple myeloma is a clonal B cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of terminally differentiated, antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow. Genetic mutations within the myeloma cells and their interaction with various cytokines and growth factors contribute to the invasiveness of the disease and enhanced drug resistance.

Introduction

At the protein level, humans and mice have similar, and at times nearly identical, amino acid sequences (Table 1).

One of these models is the MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; which was derived from a metastatic site in a 51 year old Caucasian woman. This model has proven to be very valuable to the cancer research community.

Enhancement of the tumor antigen-specific response is an intended outcome of immunotherapy. Be it through an acute increase in anti-tumor immunity or formation of long-lived immunological memory, drugs that successfully boost the host adaptive immune response have a better chance of clinical success¹.

The advent of immunotherapy has necessitated syngeneic mouse tumor models with desirable growth kinetics and response to immunomodulatory agents to further

The steady growth, and interest in immunotherapy has required continual development and optimization of syngeneic mouse tumor models with desirable growt

In preclinical research, small animal in vivo imaging plays an essential role in visualizing physiological processes, progression of disease and development of therapies.

The number of deaths caused by lung cancer peaked in 2005 at 159,292 and has been gradually declining ever since.^[1] However, the five-year lung cancer survival rate is only around 20% and is considerably lower than other cancers.

To produce Kymriah? or Yescarta?, a patient?s T cells are engineered to express Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) specific for the CD19 B lymphocyte molecule (1).

Treatment options for CRC are highly dependent on the stage of disease, but many patients receive cocktails of chemotherapies and in some cases radiation treatment along with chemotherapy. A number of preclinical xenograft models exist that allow pharmaceutical and biotech companies to investigate new treatment approaches for CRC.