Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibody

How is it used?

An acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody test is used to help diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG) and to distinguish it from other conditions that may cause similar symptoms, such as chronic muscle fatigue and weakness.

AChR antibodies hinder the action of acetylcholine, a chemical (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between nerve cells. The antibodies do this in three major ways:

• "Binding" antibodies attach to the acetylcholine receptors on nerve cells and may initiate an inflammatory reaction that destroys them.
• "Blocking" antibodies may sit on the receptors, preventing acetylcholine from binding.
• "Modulating" antibodies may cross-link the receptors, causing them to be taken up into the muscle cell and removed from the neuromuscular junction.

Three different types of tests are available to determine which of these may be the problem in a particular individual. However, the test that measures "binding" antibodies is most commonly used because it is generally rare for the other two tests to be positive without the "binding" test being positive as well. These other tests may be used when a healthcare practitioner strongly suspects myasthenia gravis and the "binding" test is negative.

One or more of the AChR antibody tests may be ordered as part of a panel of tests that may also include a striated muscle antibody test to help establish a diagnosis. Depending upon results, an anti-MuSK (muscle-specific kinase) antibody test may also be ordered.

People with MG often have an enlarged thymus gland and may have thymomas (typically benign tumors of the thymus). Located under the breastbone, the thymus is an active part of the immune system during childhood but normally becomes less active after puberty. If a thymoma is detected, such as during a chest computed tomography (CT) scan done for a different reason, then an AChR antibody test may sometimes be used to determine whether the person has developed these antibodies.

When is it ordered?

The AChR antibody test may be ordered when a person has symptoms that suggest myasthenia gravis, such as:

• Drooping eyelid
• Double vision
• Decreased eye movement control
• Difficulty swallowing, chewing, with choking, drooling and gagging
• Slurred speech
• Weak neck muscles
• Trouble holding up head
• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty walking and an altered gait
• Specific muscle weakness but normal feelings/sensations
• Muscle weakness that worsens with sustained effort and improves with rest

An AChR antibody test may sometimes be ordered when a thymoma is detected during an imaging scan.

What does the test result mean?

AChR antibodies are not normally present in the blood. They are autoantibodies and their presence indicates an autoimmune response.

If a person has AChR antibodies and symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG), then it is likely that the person has this condition.

AChR antibodies may also be positive with some thymomas, in people who are being treated with drugs such as penicillamine, with some small cell lung cancers, with autoimmune liver disease, and with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (a condition associated with interference with the release of acetylcholine from the nerve ending).

A negative test result does not rule out MG. Up to 50% of those with ocular MG (affecting only eye-related muscles) and about 10-15% of those with generalized MG will be negative for AChR antibodies. Results from other tests for autoantibodies, such as anti-MuSK (muscle-specific kinase) antibody test and anti-striated muscle antibody test, may aid in establishing a diagnosis. Up to 70% of people suspected to have generalized MG but who are negative for AChR antibodies will be positive for anti-MuSK antibodies.

Is there anything else I should know?

Use of drugs such as succinylcholine can increase AChR antibodies.

People who have MG are more likely to also have other autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

Recent radioactive treatments can interfere with testing.