Factor II Inhibitor Profile, Comprehensive

CPT: 85210; 85335; 85610; 85611(x2); 85730
Print Share

Synonyms

  • Bethesda Titer

Test Includes

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT); factor II activity; factor II Bethesda titer; prothrombin time (PT); PT 1:1 mix with normal plasma; PT 1:1 incubated mix with normal plasma; PT 1:1 mix with saline


Expected Turnaround Time

3 - 5 days


Related Documents

For more information, please view the literature below.

Procedures for Hemostasis and Thrombosis: A Clinical Test Compendium


Specimen Requirements


Specimen

Plasma, frozen


Volume

6 mL (2 mL in each of three tubes)


Container

Blue-top (sodium citrate) tubes


Collection

Citrated plasma samples should be collected by double centrifugation. Blood should be collected in a blue-top tube containing 3.2% buffered sodium citrate.1 Evacuated collection tubes must be filled to completion to ensure a proper blood to anticoagulant ratio.2,3 The sample should be mixed immediately by gentle inversion at least six times to ensure adequate mixing of the anticoagulant with the blood. A discard tube is not required prior to collection of coagulation samples, except when using a winged blood collection device (ie, "butterfly"), in which case a discard tube should be used.4,5 When noncitrate tubes are collected for other tests, collect sterile and nonadditive (red-top) tubes prior to citrate (blue-top) tubes. Any tube containing an alternate anticoagulant should be collected after the blue-top tube. Gel-barrier tubes and serum tubes with clot initiators should also be collected after the citrate tubes. Centrifuge for 10 minutes and carefully remove 2/3 of the plasma using a plastic transfer pipette, being careful not to disturb the cells. Deliver to a plastic transport tube, cap, and recentrifuge for 10 minutes. Use a second plastic pipette to remove the plasma, staying clear of the platelets at the bottom of the tube. Transfer the plasma into a Labcorp PP transpak frozen purple tube with screw cap (Labcorp No. 49482). Freeze immediately and maintain frozen until tested. To avoid delays in turnaround time when requesting multiple tests on frozen samples, please submit separate frozen specimens for each test requested.

Please print and use the Volume Guide for Coagulation Testing to ensure proper draw volume.


Storage Instructions

Freeze. Stable at room temperature for four hours.


Patient Preparation

Ideally, the patient should not be on anticoagulant therapy. Avoid warfarin (Coumadin®) therapy for two weeks prior to the test and heparin, direct Xa and thrombin inhibitor therapies for about three days prior to testing. Do not draw from an arm with a heparin lock or heparinized catheter.


Test Details


Use

Confirmation and characterization of factor II inhibitor


Limitations

If there is residual coagulation factor, it could falsely lower the result. The presence of direct Xa or thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant therapy may cause false-positive results. Lupus anticoagulant activity should be ruled out prior to assaying for factor inhibitors as this may cause false-positive titers. Individuals with lupus anticoagulant hypoprothrombinemia syndrome (LAHS) typically have low factor II levels but no measurable inhibitor titer, as the factor II antibody complex is rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system. A negative factor II inhibitor profile, therefore, does not exclude a factor II inhibitor in individuals with a lupus anticoagulant. Autoimmune inhibitors cannot be accurately measured in the Bethesda titer system because of their second-order kinetics.6


Methodology

The factor II inhibitor (Bethesda titer) assay is performed using a prothrombin time-based system, using thromboplastin reagent.6 Serial dilutions are made of patient plasma with veronal buffered saline, then mixed with normal plasma containing close to 100% factor II activity, and are then incubated for two hours. A PT-based factor II assay using factor II-depleted plasma substrate is then performed on these incubated mixtures. Results are compared to those of incubated normal plasma. One Bethesda unit is defined as the amount of factor II inhibitor that neutralized 0.5 IU of factor II in this system. The number of serial dilutions tested is based on the anticipated level of the inhibitor.


Additional Information

The development of factor II inhibitors is a rare occurrence. Antibodies to prothrombin may develop in some individuals who also develop antiphospholipid antibodies, such as the lupus anticoagulant. In this instance, the antiprothrombin antibodies bind to prothrombin and result in its clearance from the circulation. This leads to low factor II activity levels and a bleeding tendency which can be severe. Because the factor II antiprothrombin antibody complex is rapidly cleared from the circulation, neutralizing antibodies cannot be measured using a Bethesda titer. Factor inhibitors (also called circulating anticoagulants or inactivators) are endogenously produced antibodies that interfere with coagulation in vivo or in vitro.6 These inhibitors are frequently specific for their respective coagulation factors. Specific factor inhibitors can be classified as neutralizing or non-neutralizing. Neutralizing inhibitors interact with the functional component of the coagulant protein and may cause clinical bleeding. Non-neutralizing antibodies react with the protein somewhere other than the functional epitopes and may be clinically silent. Factor inhibitors are not normally present in plasma. When present, factor inhibitors are measured by Bethesda titer units (BU). Titers <5 BUs are classified as low responders, titers >10 BUs as high responders. Responder status influences the approach for clinical treatment. Factor inhibitor assays are ordered in response to clinical impression, and are performed periodically on individuals who have inhibitors and are receiving therapy. During therapy, periodic assays are used, both to manage the dosage and to establish whether a patient is a low or high responder. Low responders maintain titers consistently <5 BUs, while high responders may generate extremely high titers and rapid anamnestic responses to therapy. Assays must also be performed repeatedly during inhibitor suppression therapy.


Footnotes

1. Adcock DM, Kressin DC, Marlar RA. Effect of 3.2% vs 3.8% sodium citrate concentration on routine coagulation testing. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997 Jan; 107(1):105-110. 8980376
2. Reneke J, Etzell J, Leslie S, Ng VL, Gottfried EL. Prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time due to underfilled specimen tubes with 109 mmol/L (3.2%) citrate anticoagulant. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998 Jun; 109(6):754-757. 9620035
3. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standardization. Collection, Transport, and Processing of Blood Specimens for Coagulation Testing and General Performance of Coagulation Assays; Approved Guideline. 5th ed. Villanova, Pa: NCCLS; 2008. Document H21-A5:28(5).
4. Gottfried EL, Adachi MM. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time can be performed on the first tube. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997 Jun; 107(6):681-683. 9169665
5. McGlasson DL, More L, Best HA, Norris WL, Doe RH, Ray H. Drawing specimens for coagulation testing: Is a second tube necessary? Clin Lab Sci. 1999 May-Jun; 12(3):137-139. 10539100
6. Adcock DM, Bethel MA, Macy PA. Coagulation Handbook. Aurora, Colo: Esoterix−Colorado Coagulation; 2006.

References

Goodnight SH, Hathaway WE. Disorders of Hemostasis and Thrombosis: A Clinical Guide. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.
Vivaldi P, Rossetti G, Galli M, Finazzi G. Severe bleeding due to acquired hypoprothrombinemia-lupus anticoagulant syndrome. Case report and review of the literature. Haematologica. 1997 May-Jun; 82(3):345-347. 9234588

LOINC® Map

Order Code Order Code Name Order Loinc Result Code Result Code Name UofM Result LOINC
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500372 Prothrombin Time sec 5902-2
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500373 PT 1:1 NP sec 5959-2
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500375 PT 1:1 NP 60 Inc sec 33356-7
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500376 PT 1:1 NP 60 Min Inc. control sec 33884-8
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500513 APTT sec 14979-9
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500501 Factor II Activity % 3289-6
500500 Factor II Inhibitor Assay 500502 Factor II Bethesda Titer Bethesda 32635-5

For Providers

Please login to order a test

Order a Test

© 2021 Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings and Lexi-Comp Inc. All Rights Reserved.

CPT Statement/Profile Statement

The LOINC® codes are copyright © 1994-2021, Regenstrief Institute, Inc. and the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Committee. Permission is granted in perpetuity, without payment of license fees or royalties, to use, copy, or distribute the LOINC® codes for any commercial or non-commercial purpose, subject to the terms under the license agreement found at https://loinc.org/license/. Additional information regarding LOINC® codes can be found at LOINC.org, including the LOINC Manual, which can be downloaded at LOINC.org/downloads/files/LOINCManual.pdf