α1-Antitrypsin Phenotyping

CPT: 82103; 82104
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Synonyms

  • Alpha1-Antitrypsin Phenotyping
  • Pi Phenotype
  • Protease Inhibitors

Test Includes

α1-antitrypsin, total, serum; phenotype


Expected Turnaround Time

3 - 6 days



Related Documents

For more information, please view the literature below.

α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency


Specimen Requirements


Specimen

Serum


Volume

2 mL


Minimum Volume

0.7 mL


Container

Red-top tube or gel-barrier tube


Collection

Separate serum from cells.


Storage Instructions

Room temperature


Stability Requirements

Temperature

Period

Room temperature

21 days

Refrigerated

21 days

Frozen

21 days

Freeze/thaw cycles

Stable x2


Patient Preparation

Overnight fasting is preferred.


Test Details


Use

Definitive analysis of hereditary α1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (panacinar emphysema), hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatoma. Cholestasis with neonatal hepatitis is found in a minority of neonates with α1AT deficiency.


Limitations

α1-antitrypsin therapy may alter the patient phenotype.


Methodology

Phenotype: isoelectric focusing (IEF); total: immunologic


Reference Interval

Interpretation accompanies report; phenotypes are designated. PiMM phenotype is normal; PiMZ is heterozygous, intermediate deficient; and PiZZ is homozygous, severely deficient. More than 75 alleles are described; biosynthesis of α1AT is controlled at the Pi locus by a pair of genes. There is codominant expression. The phenotype is “Pi” for protease inhibitor. Z and S are mutant proteins. A null-null state occurs as well. In the dysfunctional type, α1AT is found in normal amounts but does not function normally.


Additional Information

Most pathologic is homozygous state ZZ. An M null genotype will have phenotype as MM, but low serum level of α1AT. α1-antitrypsin deficiency may eventuate in or be associated with cholestatic hepatopathy in infants, a chronic hepatitis, familial infantile cirrhosis, or familial emphysema.1,2 The risks of cirrhosis and development of hepatoma are greater in males.

α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) is a glycoprotein synthesized in the liver and is the main component of the alpha1 globulins. α1AT serves to counter the effects of several serine proteases, including elastase and trypsin. When α1AT is deficient, unopposed activity of these enzymes results in emphysema. The age of occurrence of emphysema varies with the type of deficiency, ZZ being most severe, SZ less severe, and SS least severe. It often varies with the personal habits of the individual, especially regarding smoking. Individuals with α1AT deficiency have PAS-positive diastase-negative granules accumulate in the periportal hepatocytes. Eventually, damage occurs to the liver resulting in cirrhosis. It is especially important to detect α1AT deficiency early as a replacement therapy is now available that has received favorable review in a recent NIH study. Although the long-term effects of this therapy are still unknown, it does have great potential to decrease the severity of emphysema.

α1AT is a positive acute phase protein because it rises whenever there is tissue injury, necrosis, inflammation, or infection. Therefore, patients with α1AT deficiency who suffer from bronchitis, pneumonia, or similar respiratory inflammation may have falsely normal levels during acute illness. After the acute phase of illness has passed, repeat determinations often reveal the “true” or “resting” α1AT level, which is indicative of the heterozygous phenotypic deficiency.

Therefore, use of high-resolution electrophoresis that would detect the slower electrophoretic migration of the Z and S variants is preferred over quantification of α1AT by nephelometry or turbidimetry as a preliminary test for this deficiency. Further, a high-resolution electrophoretic system will detect heterozygotes, which could lead to important family studies of potentially deficient first-degree relatives who may benefit from therapy.

Serum α1AT may be increased in patients during normal pregnancy, chronic pulmonary diseases, hereditary angioneurotic edema, gastric diseases, liver diseases, pancreatitis, diabetes, carcinomas, renal diseases, and rheumatic diseases, and it may be decreased in patients with severe protein loss or in improper storage of specimen.

More than 95% of subjects who are severely deficient are homozygous for the Z allele (PiZZ). PiZZ subjects who smoke have a shorter life expectancy than do nonsmoking PiZZ persons. Variation in severity of clinical manifestations is recognized; some subjects with deficiency do not have significant impairment, but development of airway disease is partly a function of age.

α1-Antitrypsin (α1AT)

Phenotype

Population Incidence

α1AT Concentration (mg/dL)

Reference Interval

MM

86.5%

96−189

MS

8.0%

83−161

MZ

3.9%

60−111

FM

0.4%

93−191

SZ

0.3%

42−75

SS

0.1%

62−119

ZZ

0.05%

16−38

FS

0.05%

70−128

FZ

Unknown

44−88

FF

Unknown

Unknown


Footnotes

1. Buist AS. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency in lung and liver disease. Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1989 May 15; 24(5):51-59.2497126
2. Pierce JA. Antitrypsin and emphysema. Perspective and prospects. JAMA. 1988 May 20; 259(19):2890-2895.3285040

LOINC® Map

Order Code Order Code Name Order Loinc Result Code Result Code Name UofM Result LOINC
095653 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Phenotyp 6770-2 001982 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin, Serum mg/dL 1825-9
095653 Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Phenotyp 6770-2 019281 Phenotype (PI) 6770-2

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